CHAPTER 9 -> Enabling The Organization ( Decision Making)

CHAPTER 9 -> Enabling The Organization ( Decision Making)

The categories of Artificial Intelligence systems are:

*EXPERT SYSTEM*

Expert systems are used for problems where there is incomplete data about a subject, and insufficient theory available for the creation of an algorithmic solution. Some problems, such as medical diagnosis, are not easily solved with an algorithm, but instead require reasoning and induction.

Numerical algorithms are more efficient then expert systems, and are typically more exact. However, many problems are not suited to being easily modeled mathematically, and in these cases numerical algorithms are not possible. Other AI techniques, such as artificial neural networks are suited for problems where there is very little theory but a wealth of experimental data.

Expert systems tend to be slow, and often require extensive human interaction. However, well-designed expert systems can be very rigorous, and some expert systems have been shown to outperform the human experts that helped to develop them.

*INTELLIGENT AGENTS*

Intelligent agents are applied as automated online assistants, where they function to perceive the needs of customers in order to perform individualized customer service. Such an agent may basically consist of a dialog system, an avatar, as well an expert system to provide specific expertise to the user.

An example of an automated online assistant providing automated customer service on a webpage. *GENETIC ALGORITHMS*

As the power of evolution gains increasingly widespread recognition, genetic algorithms 
have been used to tackle a broad variety of problems in an extremely diverse array of fields, clearly showing their power and their potential. 

An example using Genetic Algorithms is Robotics company.
The international RoboCup tournament is a project to promote advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, and related fields by providing a standard problem where new technologies can be tried out it is an annual soccer tournament between teams of autonomous robots. The programs that control the robotic team members must display complex behavior, deciding when to block, when to kick, how to move, when to pass the ball to teammates, how to coordinate defense and offense, and so on. In the simulator league of the 1997 competition, David Andre and Astro Teller entered a team named Darwin United whose control programs had been developed automatically from the ground up by genetic programming, a challenge to the conventional wisdom that this problem is just too difficult for such a technique.

*VIRTUAL REALITY*

Virtual reality is often used to describe a wide variety of applications commonly associated with immersive, highly visual, 3D environments. To develop a real time virtual environment, a computer graphics library can be used as embedded resource coupled with a common programming language, such as C++, Perl, Java, or Python. Some of the most popular computer graphic libraries are OpenGL,Direct3D, Java3D, and VRML, and their use are directly influenced by the system demands in terms of performance, program purpose, and hardware platform. The use of multithreading can also accelerate 3D performance and enable cluster computing with multi-userinteractivity.